English Grammar Infinitive, Gerund and Participle Explained Easily
Infinitive, Gerund and Participle
1. Infinitive: Infinitive क्रिया का मूल रूप है, जिसपर वाक्य के Subject के Number और Person का कोई प्रभाव नहीं पड़ता । सामान्यतया Infinitive के शुरू में particle 'to' लगा रहता है, जैसे – to go, to run, to laugh, to have, to be, etc. और वाक्य में इसका अपना कोई Subject नहीं होता । यह खुद वाक्य में Subject, Object या complement के रूप में प्रयुक्त होता है। जैसे—
I want to go. (to go— infinitive)
The boy wants to go. (to go—infinitive)
The boys want to run. (to run— infinitive)
To walk is an exercise. (to walk—infinitive)
We want to have a car. (to have—infinitive)
The patient is about to die. (to die —infinitive)
Her ambition is to be a dancer. (to be—infinitive)
Note: किसी भी वाक्य में Infinitive अकेले नहीं आता । उसके साथ दूसरा Verb भी वाक्य में Subject (कर्ता) के Number और Person के अनुसार प्रयुक्त रहता है, जैसा ऊपर के वाक्यों में देखा जा सकता है ।
2. Bare Infinitive: Infinitive में particle 'to' लगा रहता है । परंतु कुछ Verbs ऐसे हैं जिनके बाद Infinitive 'without to' का प्रयोग होता है। ऐसे Infinitives ‘without to' को Bare Infinitives कहते हैं । इन वाक्यों में Bare Infinitive के प्रयोग को देखें—
I made him laugh. (laugh — Bare Infinitive)
He heard them cry. (cry — Bare Infinitive)
Let us do this. (do— Bare Infinitive)
We watched him play. (play — Bare Infinitive)
I let her go home. (go — Bare Infinitive)
She does nothing but dance. (dance—Bare Infinitive)
यहाँ दिए गए वाक्यों में प्रयुक्त laugh, cry, do, play, go और dance ऐसे Infinitives हैं, जिनके पहले to प्रयुक्त नहीं है । अतः इन्हें यहाँ प्रयोग के आधार पर Bare Infinitives कहेंगे ।
3. निचे दिए गए वाक्यों में Full Infinitives (to walk, to play, to run, to dance, etc.) और Bare Infinitives (weep, cry, dance, etc.) के प्रयोग को देखें—
Full Infinitives Bare Infinitives
To walk is an exercise. She made him weep.
Children like to play. I heard him cry.
It is yet to decide. I can go.
She is about to dance. We shall dance.
We eat to live. He does nothing but play.
It is easy to solve. Let him do this.
I have no house to live in. She bade me go.
GERUND
जब Verb + ing का प्रयोग Noun की तरह होता है, तब उसे Gerund कहा जाता है। इन वाक्यों में मोटे अक्षरों में छपे शब्द Gerunds हैं—
Walking is an exercise.
I like reading stories.
He is fond of playing cricket.
Seeing is believing.
Saying is easy but doing is difficult.
Please stop dancing.
We are tired of waiting.
My hobby is dancing.
Singing is my hobby.
Note 1. Gerund एक Noun की तरह किसी वाक्य में Subject, Object या Complement के रूप में प्रयुक्त होता है, अर्थात् किसी वाक्य में Gerund वहाँ प्रयुक्त होता है, जहाँ एक Noun प्रयुक्त होना चाहिए । इसे समझने के लिए Noun और Gerund के तुलनात्मक प्रयोग पर विचार करें—
(a) Tea is bad for health. (Tea—Noun)
Smoking is bad for health. (Smoking—Gerund)
(b) I love toys. (toys—Noun)
I love dancing. (dancing—Gerund)
(c) Friendship is a boon. (Friendship/boon—Noun)
Seeing is believing. (Seeing/believing—Gerund)
(d) I am fond of sweets. (sweets—Noun)
I am fond of travelling. (travelling—Gerund)
Note 2. जब Verb + ing का प्रयोग Continuous Tense की तरह हो, तब उसे हम Gerund नहीं कहेंगे । जैसे, इन वाक्यों में V + ing Gerund नहीं है—
I am dancing. I She is smoking.
PARTICIPLE
Participle के मुख्यतः दो भेद हैं—
(a) Present Participle [Verb + ing], जैसे—
playing, eating, dancing, laughing, etc.
(b) Past Participle [Verb + d/ed या अन्य उपयुक्त रूप], जैसे—
played, eaten, gone, burnt, given, etc.
Uses of the Participle:
1. Present Participle की मदद से Progressive Tense तथा Past Participle की मदद से Perfect Tense और Passive Voice बनाए जाते हैं। जैसे—
I am playing. She has gone.
They were working. He had reached.
He was beaten. The chair was broken.
2. Present Participle तथा Past Participle का प्रयोग सामान्य Adjective की तरह भी होता है और इस स्थिति में ये अपने बाद आनेवाले Noun की विशेषता बताते हैं, जैसे—
The child has a smiling face. (smiling as an adjective)
We have no drinking water. (drinking as an adjective)
This is a boiled egg. (boiled as an adjective)
He is a retired teacher. (retired as an adjective)
उपर्युक्त वाक्यों में smiling, drinking, boiled और retired Participles हैं तथा ये Adjective की तरह प्रयुक्त हुए हैं । इस तथ्य की पुष्टि के लिए हम इन वाक्यों को पुनः लिख रहे हैं जिनमें smiling, boiled, drinking और retired के स्थान पर क्रमशः beautiful, good, pure और noble Adjectives प्रयुक्त हुए हैं।
The child has a beautiful face. (beautiful — Adjective)
We have no pure water. (pure— Adjective)
This is a good egg. (good—Adjective)
He is a noble teacher. (noble—Adjective)
Note: ऊपर दिए गए तथ्यों से स्पष्ट है कि Participle Verb का वह रूप है जो Progressive या Perfect Tense बनाने में मदद करता है तथा विभिन्न वाक्यों में Adjective के रूप में भी प्रयुक्त होता है ।
Confusion दूर करें—
Gerund और Present Participle दोनों का एक ही रूप है— Verb + ing. इसलिए कभी-कभी विद्यार्थीगण भ्रम में पड़ जाते हैं कि वाक्य में प्रयुक्त Verb + ing का प्रयोग Gerund के रूप में हुआ है या Present Participle के रूप में । ऐसी स्थिति में आप इनके प्रयोग को देखें। अगर Verb + ing का प्रयोग एक Noun के रूप में हुआ है तब इसे Gerund कहेंगे। अगर Verb + ing का प्रयोग Continuous Tense बनाने में या एक Adjective के रूप में हुआ है तब इसे Participle कहेंगे। जैसे—
My hobby is dancing. (dancing = Noun = Gerund)
I am dancing. (dancing = Verb = Participle)
He is my dancing partner. (dancing = Adjective = Participle)
I don't like drinking. (drinking = Noun = Gerund)
He is drinking. (drinking = Verb = Participle)
There is no drinking water. (drinking = Adjective = Participle)
EXERCISE 53
Pick out the infinitives used in the following sentences.
Examples: Ans.
(a) I want to go. to go
(b) To sleep is necessary. to sleep
(c) I am too tired to run. to run
(d) She made me laugh. laugh
(e) I shall help her. help
1. She wants to help me.
2. It is about to rain.
3. To walk is an exercise.
4. I had to work.
5. Are you to go now?
6. To steal is very bad.
7. He wishes to succeed.
8. I have no house to live in.
9. It is easy to solve.
10. Children like to play.
11. He came to help me.
12. She made me laugh.
13. I heard him cry.
14. I can do.
15. Give me a book to read.
16. To see is to believe.
17. They let her go.
18. I saw him sleep.
19. He does nothing but play.
20. Teach me to dance.
EXERCISE 54
Pick out the gerunds used in the following sentences.
Examples: Ans.
(a) I like playing cricket. playing
(b) Drinking is a bad thing. drinking
(c) Stop crying. crying
(d) I am fond of hunting. hunting
(e) My hobby is dancing. dancing
(f) He enjoys flying kites. flying
(g) He went on laughing. laughing
1. Swimming is an exercise.
2. Smoking is a bad habit.
3. Children love playing.
4. I like reading stories.
5. I am tired of doing this job.
6. She will learn dancing.
7. I am fond of playing cricket.
8. It stopped raining.
9. Reading makes a man perfect.
10. I think of going there.
11. He stopped talking.
12. Old men love walking.
13. I love eating mangoes.
14. I hate borrowing money.
15. Please go on writing.
16. Seeing is believing.
17. Thank you for helping me.
18. Try to avoid quarrelling.
19. Eating much is bad.
20. It is no use of waiting here.
EXERCISE 55
Pick out the participles used in the following sentences.
Examples: Ans.
(a) I am reading a book. reading
(b) He has lost his pen. lost
(c) He was beaten. beaten
(d) Don't jump off the running train. running
(e) The police found the stolen articles. stolen
1. He was playing.
2. She is eating.
3. He has returned.
4. The work was done.
5. They were awarded.
6. This is a boiled egg.
7. This is the broken chair.
8. It is a burning issue.
9. He was satisfied.
10. He is an amusing man.
11. He played a loosing game.
12. He was a drunken person.
13. There were many burnt houses.
14. This is an interesting story.
15. He is a tired man.
16. Here is a broken window.
17. He had a loaded pistol.
18. He is a retired officer.
19. Don't disturb the sleeping child.
20. It is an admitted fact.
EXERCISE 56
Pick out the infinitives, gerunds and participles used in the following examples―
Examples: Ans.
(a) I want to go there. to go―infinitive
(b) To smoke is a bad habit. to smoke―infinitive
(c) Walking is an exercise. walking―gerund
(d) I like playing cricket. playing―gerund
(e) Look at the running dog. running―participle
(f) I saw a dying man. dying―participle
(g) He was taught English. taught―participle
1. I wanted to help you.
2. I heard her weep.
3. He made me laugh.
4. To tell lies is not good.
5. I enjoy flying kites.
6. I dislike drinking.
7. He went on talking.
8. Running water is clear.
9. These are solved examples.
10. Gardening is a hobby.
11. Sleeping is necessary to life.
12. It is easy to write a letter.
13. A barking dog seldom bites.
14. I found my lost pen.
15. He is a good looking man.
16. He was not satisfied.
17. I hope to succeed.
18. She is fond of dancing.
19. She was my dancing partner.
20. She was dancing.
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