Verbs in English Grammar – Complete Guide with Rules & Examples
Verbs
इन वाक्यों को देखें—
Ram is weeping.The boys laugh.He was beaten.He had a car.She has two sons.Mohan is ill.
इन वाक्यों में आए शब्द is weeping, laugh, was beaten, had, has और is पर विचार करें । इनमें से प्रथम तीन से कार्य-व्यापार का बोध होता है । had/has से अधिकार/संबंध तथा is से अवस्था का बोध होता है । ऐसे शब्दों को हम Grammar की भाषा में Verbs कहते हैं । वाक्य-निर्माण में इनका विशेष महत्त्व है।
Definition: Verb वह शब्द है, जिससे किसी के कार्य-व्यापार, अधिकार, संबंध या अवस्था का बोध होता है।
* A verb is a word which denotes an action, possession, relation or a state of being.
* A verb is a word used to tell or assert something about some person or thing.
Example: laugh, eat, go, run, play, am, is, are, can, could, shall, should, will, would, etc.
कुछ और Sentences लें और उनमें Verb के प्रयोग को देखें—
Action (कार्य) :
Children play. (play—Verb)The man was walking. (was walking—Verb)The clock strikes. (strikes—Verb)I was taught. (was taught—Verb)He will come. (will come—Verb)
Relation/Possession (संबंध/अधिकार) :
I have a car. (have—Verb)The cow has two eyes. (has—Verb)The king had three queens. (had—Verb)The poor man has no money. (has—Verb)
State of Being (अवस्था/स्थिति):
Sita is ill/tall. (is—Verb)They are happy. (are—Verb)He was a poor man. (was—Verb)
Lexical & Auxiliary Verbs
English Verbs को दो मुख्य वर्गों में बाँटा गया है—
1. Lexical Verbs : come, go, eat, drink, etc.
2. Auxiliary Verbs : am, is, are, was, were, etc.
1. Lexical Verbs: इनका स्वतंत्र अर्थ होता है और ये वाक्य में मुख्य क्रिया के रूप में प्रयुक्त होते हैं । इनके निम्नलिखित पाँच रूप (forms) हैं—
(a) Base Form : eat, go, laugh, etc.
(b) Past Form: ate, went, laughed, etc.
(c) Past Participle Form: eaten, gone, laughed, etc.
(d) -ing Form: eating, going, laughing, etc.
(e) -s/es Form: eats, goes, laughs, etc.
2. Auxiliary Verbs: इनका कोई निश्चित शाब्दिक अर्थ नहीं होता है । प्रयोग के आधार पर इनके अर्थ बदलते रहते हैं । इनका प्रयोग Tense, Voice, Mood, Question और Negative बनाने में होता है । निम्नलिखित Auxiliary Verbs हैं—
am, is, are, was, were, have, has, had, do, does, did, be, been, being, shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, ought, need, dare, used to.
Note: कुछ Verbs, जैसे do का प्रयोग Lexical Verb के रूप में भी होता है । जैसे—
(a) I do my duty. (do—Lexical Verb)
यहाँ do का अर्थ 'करना' है इसलिए यह Lexical Verb है ।
(b) Do you know me? (Do— Auxiliary Verb)
यहाँ do का प्रयोग प्रश्न करने में किया गया है । यहाँ इसका कोई शाब्दिक अर्थ नहीं है, अतः इस वाक्य में 'Do' Auxiliary Verb है।
Main & Helping Verbs
वाक्यों में प्रयोग के आधार पर Verbs को दो वर्गों में बाँटा गया है—
1. Main Verb (प्रधान / मुख्य क्रिया)
2. Helping Verb (सहायक क्रिया)
1. Main Verb: जो क्रिया किसी वाक्य में अकेले या सहायक क्रिया के साथ आती है, वह Main Verb कहलाती है ।
*The verbs used alone or together with helping verbs are called main verbs.
इन वाक्यों में मोटे अक्षरों में छपे शब्द Main Verbs हैं—
(a) I am a boy.
(b) I love her.
(c) I am reading.
(d) He will do it.
2. Helping Verb: जो क्रिया tense, voice, mood इत्यादि के निर्माण में प्रधान क्रिया की सहायता करती है, वह Helping Verb कहलाती है ।
* A helping verb is one which helps the main verb to form a tense, voice, mood, etc.
इन वाक्यों में मोटे अक्षरों में छपे शब्द Helping Verbs हैं—
(a) I am reading.
(b) He will go.
(c) My brother has come.
(d) You should do this.
निम्नलिखित Auxiliary Verbs का प्रयोग Helping Verb के रूप में होता— am, is, are, was, were, do, does, did, have, has, had, shall, will, can, could, may, might, must, ought, should, would, need, dare, used to.
इनमें am, is, are, was, were, have, has, had, do, does, did, need और dare ऐसे Verbs हैं जो कभी Main Verb की तरह प्रयुक्त होते हैं तो कभी Helping Verb की तरह, जैसे—
(a) He is ready. (is—Main Verb)
(b) He is going. (is—Helping Verb)
(c) He did not do this? (did—Helping Verb)
(d) He did this. (did—Main Verb)
Note 1. यदि किसी वाक्य में एक ही क्रिया हो, तो वह क्रिया Main Verb कहलाएगी। जैसे—
(a) I have a dog. (have—Main Verb)
(b) He is a boy. (is—Main Verb)
Note 2. यदि किसी वाक्य में दो या दो से अधिक Verbs एक साथ प्रयुक्त हों, तो सबसे अंत में आनेवाला verb Main Verb कहलाएगा और अन्य verbs Helping Verbs । जैसे—
(a) I have been reading. (have—Helping Verb,
been—Helping Verb,
reading—Main Verb)
(b) I have been a teacher. (have—Helping Verb,
been—Main Verb)
EXERCISE 13
Pick out the verbs used in these sentences, and say whether they are main verbs or helping verbs—
Examples:
(a) I am a boy. (am—Main Verb)
(b) I am reading. (am—Helping Verb,
reading—Main Verb)
(c) Did he go? (did—Helping Verb,
go—Main Verb)
(d) Who did it? (did—Main Verb)
(e) We shall have been (shall—Helping Verb,
working for ten days. have—Helping Verb,
been—Helping Verb,
working—Main Verb)
1. He reads.
2. He is reading.
3. He is a student.
4. Are you a doctor?
5. Are you coming today?
6. He can do.
7. You should help me.
8. What could be done?
9. May I come in?
10. He does not know.
11. She had been sleeping.
12. She had been a dancer.
13. She had no money.
14. They must be working there.
15. They must be thieves.
16. I shall have been playing.
17. I shall have been a teacher.
18. I shall have no work.
19. We shall be leaders.
20. They do not do any work.
OBJECT OF THE VERB
कर्ता के अतिरिक्त क्रिया का फल जिस शब्द या शब्द-समूह पर पड़ता है, उसे हम उस क्रिया का Object कहते हैं । Object प्रायः क्रिया के तुरंत बाद आता है और यह कोई Noun / Pronoun/Noun Phrase / Noun Clause होता है। Verb के साथ What/Whom लगाकर प्रश्न करने पर जो उत्तर मिलता है वही उस Verb का Object होता है । अगर कोई उत्तर नहीं मिले तो समझें कि अभीष्ट Verb का कोई Object नहीं है । अब इन वाक्यों को ध्यान से देखें—
Note: एक ही Verb के दो विभिन्न Objects हो सकते हैं, जैसे—
He gave me money.
gave what? ~ money (क्या दिया? ~ रुपया-पैसा)
gave whom? ~ me (किसको दिया ? ~ मुझे)
यहाँ me (Direct Object) और money (Indirect Object) दो Objects हैं ।
EXERCISE 14
Pick out the objects of the verbs used in these sentences:
Examples: Answer:
(a) He is reading a book. (a book)
(b) The teacher taught English. (English)
(c) I love my father and mother. (my father and mother)
(d) Why did he beat you? (you)
(e) He was singing a song in the room. (a song)
(f) Birds sing in the trees. (no object)
(g) The teacher taught us English. (us, English)
1. My mother loves me.
2. I love my mother.
3. Do you know English?
4. I shall solve the problem.
5. My father bought me a pen.
6. He did the work.
7. Kindly give me the pen.
8. He gave Ram a book.
9. The dog can run fast.
10. Birds fly in the sky.
11. He reads in this school.
12. The children are flying kites.
13. He reads English and Hindi.
14. They play cricket in the field.
15. The boy cut his hand with a knife.
16. I don't like that naughty boy.
17. I love the students of this school.
18. Bring a glass of water.
19. They are cutting the old trees.
20. They make these types of furniture.
TRANSITIVE & INTRANSITIVE VERBS
Main Verb को दो भागों में बाँटा गया है—
1. Transitive Verb (सकर्मक क्रिया)
2. Intransitive Verb (अकर्मक क्रिया)
1. Transitive Verb: जिस क्रिया के बाद कर्म (object) का प्रयोग हुआ हो, उस क्रिया को Transitive Verb कहेंगे ।
* The verb used with an object is called a transitive verb.
इन वाक्यों को देखें—
1. Ram eats rice.
2. I love you.
3. He has helped my brother.
4. I know this.
5. My brother has read the book.
6. I like these beautiful flowers.
इन वाक्यों में rice, you, my brother, this, the book और these beautiful flowers Objects (कर्म) हैं। अतः इनके पहले प्रयुक्त Verbs eats, love, helped, know, read और like Transitive Verbs कहलाएँगे ।
2. Intransitive Verb : जिस क्रिया के बाद कर्म (object) का प्रयोग नहीं हुआ हो, उस क्रिया को Intransitive Verb कहेंगे।
* The verb used without an object is called an intransitive verb.
इन वाक्यों को देखें—
1. I eat.
2. I go to school.
3. Ram walks in the field.
4. I sleep.
5. He gets up at five o'clock.
6. He ran fast..
इन वाक्यों में कोई कर्म (object) नहीं है । अतः प्रयुक्त Verbs eat, go, walks, sleep, gets up और ran Intransitive Verbs कहलाएँगे ।
SOME SPECIAL NOTES
1. कुछ ऐसे Verbs हैं जिनके बाद Object कभी नहीं आते और वे हमेशा Intransitive Verb के रूप में प्रयुक्त होते हैं । जैसे— go, come, sit, sleep, die, etc.
2. अधिकतर Verbs का प्रयोग दोनों प्रकार से हो सकता है। जब इनके बाद object रहता है, तब ये Transitive Verbs कहलाते हैं और जब इनके बाद object नहीं रहता, तब ये Intransitive Verbs कहलाते हैं । बहुत-से लोग यह समझते हैं कि eat, beat, read इत्यादि क्रियाओं का प्रयोग हमेशा Transitive Verb की तरह होता है । परंतु बात ऐसी नहीं है। जब तक क्रिया के बाद कर्म का प्रयोग नहीं होगा, तब तक उस क्रिया को हम Transitive Verb नहीं कहेंगे । इन वाक्यों को ध्यान से पढ़ें और समझें—
I eat. (eat — Intransitive Verb)
I eat a mango. (eat — Transitive Verb)
She reads. (reads — Intransitive Verb)
She reads a book. (reads — Transitive Verb)
The bell rang loudly. (rang — Intransitive Verb)
The peon rang the bell. (rang — Transitive Verb)
Birds fly in the sky. (fly — Intransitive Verb)
Boys fly kites. (fly — Transitive Verb)
I speak too loudly. (speak — Intransitive Verb)
I speak the truth. (speak — Transitive Verb)
Birds sing in the trees. (sing-Intransitive Verb)
I sing a song. (sing — Transitive Verb)
The glass broke. (broke — Intransitive Verb)
My son broke the glass. (broke — Transitive Verb)
EXERCISE 15
Pick out the main verbs used in these sentences, and say whether they are transitive or intransitive―
Examples:
(a) He eats. (eats — Intransitive)
(b) He eats slowly. (eats — Intransitive)
(c) He eats rice. (eats — Transitive)
1. I go to school every day.
2. They are coming soon.
3. He reads the book.
4. He reads.
5. He reads slowly and carefully.
6. He reads in the fifth class.
7. My father teaches me English.
8. My father teaches in the morning.
9. Do you walk in the morning?
10. Birds fly in the air.
11. They are flying kites.
12. We eat three times a day.
13. We eat bread and rice.
14. It cannot eat.
15. Do you know his name?
16. He knows everything.
17. He lives in a village.
18. What is he doing in the field?
19. I request you to help me.
20. Please do not beat these poor beggars.
***
