Adjectives in English Grammar: Rules, Types, Examples & Usage
Adjectives
इन वाक्यों को देखें—
It is a good pen.That is a fast train.They are bad persons.She is beautiful.He is brave.Milk is sweet.Sohan is not lazy.A black cow was grazing.
इन वाक्यों में आए शब्द good, fast, bad, beautiful, brave, sweet, lazy और black पर विचार करें । ये शब्द वाक्यों में Noun/Pronoun की विशेषता बताते हैं। ऐसे शब्दों को Grammar की भाषा में Adjectives कहते हैं।
Definition: Adjective वह शब्द है, जो किसी Noun या Pronoun की विशेषता बताता है ।
* An adjective qualifies a noun or a pronoun.
* An adjective is a word used to add something to the meaning of a noun or a pronoun.
ऊपर दी गई परिभाषा से यह स्पष्ट है कि Adjective एक describing word है। कुछ और उदाहरण देखें—
some food, all things, much water, several questions, six boys, any boy, this book, which boy, her sister, each man, what work इत्यादि expressions में some, all, much, several, six, any, this, which, her, each और what Adjective के रूप में प्रयुक्त हुए हैं । ये Noun के ठीक पहले प्रयुक्त हुए हैं और अपने साथ प्रयुक्त Noun की विशेषता बताते हैं । ऐसे Adjectives को आसानी से इनके स्थानों से पहचाना जा सकता है, जैसे—
I have red pens.I have a lot of pens.I have six pens.I have several pens.I have no pens.I have Japanese pens.
यहाँ red तो Adjective है ही; a lot of, six, several, no और Japanese भी Adjectives हैं, क्योंकि ये Noun के ठीक पहले प्रयुक्त हुए हैं । दूसरे शब्दों में, ये Adjective के स्थान पर हैं, अतः Adjectives हुए।
Kinds of the Adjective: Adjective के निम्नलिखित प्रमुख भेद हैं—
1. Adjectives of Quality (गुणवाचक विशेषण)
2. Adjectives of Quantity (परिमाणवाचक विशेषण)
3. Adjectives of Number (संख्यावाचक विशेषण)
4. Demonstrative Adjectives (संकेतवाचक विशेषण)
5. Possessive Adjectives (संबंधवाचक विशेषण)
6. Distributive Adjectives (व्यष्टिवाचक विशेषण)
7. Interrogative Adjectives (प्रश्नवाचक विशेषण)
8. Proper Adjectives (व्यक्तिवाचक विशेषण)
9. Emphasizing Adjectives (प्रबलबोधक विशेषण)
10. Exclamatory Adjectives (विस्मयादिबोधक विशेषण)
1. Adjectives of Quality
Adjectives of Quality से किसी व्यक्ति या वस्तु के गुण का बोध होता है ।
* Adjectives of quality show the quality of a person or a thing.
Examples: good, bad, weak, strong, kind, cruel, sweet, bitter, thin, fat, long, short, hot, cold, beautiful, ugly, red, brown, etc.
इन शब्दों में से कुछ का प्रयोग इन वाक्यों में देखें—
Ram is a good boy.The table is long.It is very cold.She is beautiful.The pen is red.He was a kind man.
2. Adjectives of Quantity
Adjectives of Quantity से मात्रा या परिमाण का बोध होता है ।
* Adjectives of quantity show how much of a thing is meant.
इन वाक्यों में प्रयुक्त शब्द some (कुछ), much (अधिक), little (नहीं के बराबर), whole (पूरा ), all (सब), no, any, enough (पर्याप्त) और a lot of (बहुत) Adjectives of Quantity हैं—
He had some/much/little/no/enough/a lot of rice.The whole money was distributed.He has lost all his wealth.He did not eat any rice.
Note : ऐसे और भी कई Adjectives of Quantity हैं । यहाँ विशेष रूप से ध्यान रखना है कि Adjectives of Quantity से मात्रा या परिमाण का बोध होता है, संख्या का नहीं। इनमें से all, no, some इत्यादि कुछ ऐसे शब्द हैं जिनका प्रयोग संख्या का बोध कराने में भी होता है । जैसे—
Some boys are absent today. (some — Adj. of Number)All men are mortal. (all — Adjective of Number)There are no pictures in this book. (no — Adjective of Number)
3. Adjectives of Number
Adjectives of Number से व्यक्तियों या वस्तुओं की संख्या या क्रम का बोध होता है ।
* Adjectives of number show how many persons or things are meant, or in what order a person or a thing stands.
इन वाक्यों में प्रयुक्त few, no, many, some, enough, several, all, one, two, first और second Adjectives of Number हैं—
He had few/no/many/some/several/enough/two horses. All men must die.The cat has one tail and two eyes.He was the first/second man.
Note 1. ऐसे ही अनेक Adjectives of Number हैं । जिनमें से कुछ का प्रयोग मात्रा या परिमाण का बोध कराने में भी होता है । ऐसी स्थिति में जब ये Adjective के रूप में प्रयुक्त होते हैं, तब इन्हें Adjectives of Quantity कहा जाता है, जैसे—
Adjectives of Quantity Adjectives of Number
She ate some rice. She ate some oranges.
He lost all his money. He lost all his dogs.
I have no milk. I have no pens.
Have you any milk? Have you any pencils?
Note 2. लेकिन, one, two, first, second, much, many, little, few और several का प्रयोग दोनों प्रकार (Adjectives of Quantity एवं Adjectives of Number) से नहीं हो सकता ।
Note 3. Adjectives of Number के अंतर्गत आनेवाले शब्द one, two, three, four, etc को Cardinals तथा first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, etc को Ordinals कहते हैं ।
Note 4. Adjectives of Quantity और Adjectives of Number में कुछ शब्द ऐसे हैं जिनका प्रयोग Pronoun के रूप में भी होता है, परंतु इस स्थिति में इनके साथ कोई Noun प्रयुक्त नहीं रहता । जैसे—
Some are born great. (Some — Indefinite Pronoun)Many of them were killed. (Many — Indefinite Pronoun)Any of them could do. (Any — Indefinite Pronoun)Few escaped unhurt. (Few — Indefinite Pronoun)All is/are mortal. (All — Indefinite Pronoun)One should do one's duty. (One — Indefinite Pronoun)
Note 5. इन्हें ध्यान से पढ़ें और समझने का प्रयास करें—
I have some milk. (some — Adjective of Quantity)I have some mangoes. (some — Adjective of Number)Some of them are absent. (some — Indefinite Pronoun)
EXERCISE 9
Encircle all the adjectives used in these sentences—
Examples:
1. Ram is a good boy.
2. The old lady was very kind.
3. He has a black cap.
4. The king was brave but cruel.
5. She had not much money.
6. Please give me some milk.
7. There is a lot of sugar here.
8. Has she enough work to do?
9. The little boy had no fear.
10. All men must die one day.
11. Has he no pens?
12. You had not many friends.
13. The king had few horses.
14. You can ask any question.
15. The beautiful girl had two rings.
16. The fourth man was very tall.
17. The rich man had a lot of cars.
18. Few dogs like cold water.
19. Many persons have no much knowledge.
20. The naughty boy had few friends.
EXERCISE 10
Tell which adjectives in the following sentences are adjectives of quality/adjectives of quantity/adjectives of number—
Examples:
(a.) He was an old man (old — Adjective of Quality)
(b) Some boys are coming today. (some — Adjective of Number)
(c) Some water might be there. (some — Adjective of Quantity)
(d) Some are born great. (some — Pronoun,
great — Adjective of Quality)
1. All men must die.
2. Some boys are playing.
3. I have some milk.
4. Some are ill.
5. There are six boys in the class.
6. He asked me several questions.
7. He was the third man.
8. The poor man had no money.
9. There were no horses there.
10. Many persons have not much money.
11. I did not take any tea.
12. I have enough books, but not enough time.
13. He has little knowledge.
14. Many of them were foolish.
15. One must not praise oneself.
16. Each of us has one mouth and two ears.
17. All is mortal.
18. The rich man had a lot of horses.
19. He had a lot of gold.
20. Few cats like cold water.
4. Demonstrative Adjectives
जिस Adjective का प्रयोग व्यक्तियों या वस्तुओं को सूचित, इंगित या निर्देशित करने के लिए किया जाता है, उसे Demonstrative Adjective कहा जाता है।
* The adjective used to point out some person or thing is called a demonstrative adjective.
This, That, These, Those और Such मुख्य Demonstrative Adjectives हैं। आगे दिए गए वाक्यों में इनके प्रयोग को देखें—
This man will guide you. (this — Demonstrative Adjective)
I did not like that woman. (that — Demonstrative Adjective)
These/Those pens are mine. (these/those — Demonstrative Adj.)
I hate such things/boys. (such — Demonstrative Adjective)
Note: जब This, That, These, Those और Such के साथ कोई Noun प्रयुक्त नहीं रहता, तब ये Demonstrative Pronouns कहलाते हैं । जैसे—
This/That is Ram. (this/that — Demonstrative Pronoun)
These/Those are cats. (these/those — Demonstrative Pronoun)
Such was his reply. (such — Demonstrative Pronoun)
5. Possessive Adjectives
Possessive Adjectives से अधिकार या संबंध का भाव व्यक्त होता है ।
* Possessive adjectives show possession or relation.
my, our, your, his, her, its और their Possessive Adjectives है। इन वाक्यों में इनके प्रयोग को देखें—
This is my/your/our/his/her/their school.Its colour is black.My mother is ill.
Note: his का प्रयोग Pronoun और Adjective, दोनों रूपों में होता है, जैसे—
This is his book. (his — possessive Adjective)
This book is his. (his — possessive Pronoun)
6. Distributive Adjectives
जब each, every, either और neither के ठीक बाद कोई Noun प्रयुक्त रहता है, तब इन्हें Distributive Adjectives कहा जाता है I
* Each, every, either and neither are called distributive adjectives when they are followed by a noun.
इन वाक्यों में each, every, either और neither का प्रयोग Distributive Adjective के रूप में हुआ है—
Each boy had a pen. (each — Distributive Adjective)
Every man has his own duty. (every — Distributive Adjective)
Either pen will do. (either — Distributive Adjective)
Neither way was safe. (neither — Distributive Adjective)
Note : जब each, either और neither के साथ कोई Noun प्रयुक्त नहीं रहता, तब इन्हें Distributive Pronouns कहा जाता है । जैसे—
Each of the boys got a prize. (each — Distributive Pronoun)
Either of you can do. (either — Distributive Pronoun)
Neither of them won the match. (neither — Distributive Pronoun)
7. Interrogative Adjectives
जब what, which और whose किसी संज्ञा के साथ प्रयुक्त होकर प्रश्न किए जाने के काम आते हैं, तब इन्हें Interrogative Adjectives कहा जाता है ।
* What, which and whose are called Interrogative Adjectives when they are used with nouns to ask questions.
इन वाक्यों में what, which और whose Interrogative Adjective के रूप में प्रयुक्त हुए हैं—
What question did the teacher ask?Which box is yours?Whose book is this?
Note: यदि इनके साथ कोई Noun न हो, तो ये Interrogative Pronouns कहलाएँगे—
What is this? (what — Interrogative Pronoun)
Which is yours? (which — Interrogative Pronoun)
Whose is this pen? (whose — Interrogative Pronoun)
8. Proper Adjectives
Proper Nouns से बने Adjectives को Proper Adjectives कहते हैं।
* Adjectives made from proper nouns are called Proper adjectives.
इन वाक्यों को देखें—
He is an Indian student.
Indian farmers are honest.
American English is different from British English.
Do you like the European culture?
इन वाक्यों में आए शब्द Indian, American, British और European Proper Adjectives हैं। ये Proper Nouns India, America, Britain और Europe से बने हैं।
9. Emphasizing Adjectives
Own, very, same, very same इत्यादि ऐसे Adjectives हैं जो किसी Noun के पहले प्रयुक्त होकर उस Noun पर बल ( emphasis) देते हैं। ऐसे adjectives Emphasizing Adjectives कहलाते हैं ।
* Own, very, same, very same, etc. are such adjectives that are used to convey emphasis on the nouns that follow them. Such adjectives are called emphasizing adjectives.
निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में इनके प्रयोग को देखें—
I saw them with my own eyes. (अपनी आँखों से)
This is the very book I wanted. (वही किताब)
This is the same book I wanted. (बिलकुल वही किताब)
He lived in the very same house for years. (उसी घर में )
10. Exclamatory Adjectives
जब what का प्रयोग Adjective की तरह किसी Exclamatory Sentence में होता है, तब इसे Exclamatory Adjective कहा जाता है।
* 'What' is called an exclamatory adjective when it is used as an adjective in an exclamatory sentence.
इन वाक्यों में What का प्रयोग Exclamatory Adjective के रूप में है—
What folly!What an idea!What a piece of work is man!
EXERCISE 11
Pick out all the adjectives used in the following sentences, and say to which class each of them belongs—
Examples:
This book is yours. (This Demonstrative Adjective)
Which way shall we go? (Which Interrogative Adjective)
1. Those books are hers.
2. Those are her books.
3. What is this?
4. Each boy has a pen.
5. Each of them got a prize.
6. Either of you can do this work.
7. We should love every man and woman.
8. What colour do you like?
9. Whose books are those?
10. Which is your pen?
11. He is an Indian.
12. He is an Indian farmer.
13. Mind your own business.
14. This is the very pen I wanted.
15. I have been using the same pen for two months.
16. What a man!
17. What folly!
18. I don't like its colour.
19. What is good to me?
20. I have found the book which I had lost.
EXERCISE 12
Encircle all the adjectives used in these sentences―
Examples:
1. These pens are old.
2. Those were beautiful eyes.
3. Each man had some water to drink.
4. Each of them had six horses.
5. Few cats like cold water.
6. The first man was asked several questions.
7. All work is done.
8. What time is it?
9. Every man has his duties.
10. Which pen did you buy?
11. Whose are these books?
12. Whose horses are better than my horses?
13. I have a lot of money.
14. The fifth boy is very clever.
15. No boy has red shoes.
16. Some have not come yet.
17. This is a Chinese watch.
18. This is the very car I want.
19. He was killed in his own house.
20. What a fall!
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