Conjunctions in English Grammar – Rules, Types and Examples
Conjunctions
इन वाक्यों को ध्यान से देखें—
(a) Ram and Shyam are brothers.(b) Early to bed and early to rise is a good habit.(c) You will pass if you work hard.(d) Reeta is simple but Geeta is clever.
इन वाक्यों में आए शब्द and, if और but पर विचार करें। ये दो words/ phrases/clauses/sentences को जोड़ने का काम कर रहे हैं । पुनः यहाँ ध्यान देनेवाली बात यह है कि ये सिर्फ जोड़ने का काम कर रहे हैं, जोड़ने के अलावा और कुछ नहीं । ऐसे connecting words को Grammar की भाषा में Conjunctions कहते हैं ।
Definition: Conjunction वह शब्द है, जो शब्दों, शब्द-समूहों, वाक्यांशों, उपवाक्यों या वाक्यों को जोड़ता है ।
* A conjunction is a word used to join words, phrases, clauses or sentences together; as—
and but or
because therefore although
though yet still
as well as otherwise when
if after since
before as unless
while as if whether
where so that
until till either....or,
neither...nor not only...but also both...and
Confusion दूर करें—
(i) ऊपर के connecting words (जोड़नेवाले शब्द) में अनेक ऐसे शब्द हैं जिनका प्रयोग Pronoun, Preposition और Adverb के रूप में भी होता है, लेकिन वैसी परिस्थिति में उनका काम / प्रयोजन कुछ और भी होता है; जैसे—
This is the book that I bought (that-Relative Pronoun) ~ यह वही किताब है जिसे मैंने खरीदी थी ।
यहाँ ‘that’ pure Conjunction नहीं है, क्योंकि यहाँ 'that' सिर्फ जोड़ने का ही काम नहीं कर रहा है बल्कि यह कुछ विशेष जानकारी भी दे रहा है, Book को निर्देशित कर रहा है, इसके बारे में कुछ बता रहा है । एक वाक्य दूसरे वाक्य पर पूरी तरह आश्रित है ।
(ii) अब इस वाक्य को पढ़ें और समझें—
I know that he is guilty. (that—Conjuction)
मैं जानता हूँ कि वह दोषी है ।
यहाँ ‘that’ सिर्फ दो वाक्यों को जोड़ रहा है। कोई विशेष जानकारी नहीं दे रहा है। एक वाक्य दूसरे वाक्य पर आश्रित नहीं है ।
अतः यह स्पष्ट है कि Conjunction सिर्फ जोड़ने का काम करता है जबकि अन्य Connecting words जोड़ने के अलावा अन्य कार्य भी करते हैं । जैसे—
1. This is the book that I bought yesterday. (that—Relative Pronoun)
2. I know that he was innocent. (that—Conjunction )
3. This is the house where he lived. (where — Relative Adverb)
4. He found the watch where he had left it. (where—Conjunction)
5. I have been busy since Monday. (since—Preposition)
6. We shall go since you desire it. (since—Conjunction)
Note: एक ही शब्द किसी वाक्य में Conjunction के रूप में प्रयुक्त हो सकता है तो दूसरे वाक्य में अन्य Part of Speech के रूप में, जैसे—
1. The train had started before we reached the station. (before-Conjunction)
2. He stood before the gate. (before — Preposition)
3. I have not seen this before. (before—Adverb)
4. If we except Hari, all are to be blamed. (except—Verb)
5. I will not let you go except you give me some money. (except—Conjunction)
KINDS OF THE CONJUNCTION
Conjunction मुख्यतः दो प्रकार के होते हैं—
(a) Co-ordinating Conjunction
(b) Subordinating Conjunction
(a) Co-ordinating Conjunction – एक ही स्तर के दो items को जोड़नेवाला Conjunction, Co-ordinating Conjunction कहलाता है ।
* The conjunction which joins two items of equal rank is called a co-ordinating conjunction.
Examples: and, but, or, also, yet, still, too, as well as, otherwise, either ...or, neither nor, not only ..... but also, both ... and ...
इनमें मोटे अक्षरों में छपे हुए शब्द Co-ordinating Conjunctions हैं—
Ram and Shyam are friends.
Give me a pen or a pencil.
Ram is poor but honest.
Either You or Ram has won.
He knows both Hindi and English.
Geeta is dancing and Reeta is singing. (दो वाक्यों को जोड़ता है)
[Explanation: उपर्युक्त वाक्यों में Ram और Shyam एक ही स्तर के दो शब्द हैं। अतः इन्हें जोड़नेवाला 'and' Co-ordinating Conjunction कहलाएगा। पुनः आगे के चार वाक्यों में भी जिन दो items को अलग-अलग जोड़ा गया है वे भी एक स्तर के हैं । सबसे अंत में 'and' दो sentences को जोड़ता है जो एक ही स्तर के हैं । अतः उपर्युक्त सभी Conjunctions, Coordinating Conjunctions हैं ।]
(b) Subordinating Conjunction: जो Conjunction Subordinate Clause को Principal Clause से जोड़ता है, वह Subordinating Conjunction कहलाता है ।
* The conjunction which joins a subordinate clause to a principal clause is called a subordinating conjunction.
Examples: when, if, that, whether, though, although, after, before, because, unless, until, till, so, since, while, where, etc.
इन वाक्यों में bold words Subordinating Conjunctions हैं—
He said that he was absent.
You will pass if you work hard.
I like him because he is honest.
When the bell rang, she entered the classroom.
[Explanation: Subordinate Clause को Dependent Clause भी कहते हैं। इसका अर्थ होता है— आश्रित उपवाक्य । ऐसा Clause जो अपना अर्थ पूरा करने के लिए वाक्य के दूसरे भाग पर निर्भर हो, वह Subordinate Clause कहलाता है तथा अभीष्ट दूसरा भाग Principal Clause कहलाता है । ऊपर दिए गए वाक्यों में that, if, because और when से जो Clauses शुरू हुए हैं, वे Subordinate Clauses हैं। अतः that, if, because और when Subordinating Conjunctions कहलाएँगे ।]
EXERCISE 19
Pick out the conjunctions used in these sentences, and say what kind of conjunctions they are—
Examples:
(a) Two and two makes four. (and-Co-ordinating Conjunction)
(b) Mohan is a boy and Sita is a girl. (and Co-ordinating Conjunction)
(c) Do or die. (or Co-ordinating Conjunction)
(d) Either he is mad or foolish. (either .... or-Co-ordinating Conjunction)
(e) He is poor but honest. (but Co-ordinating Conjunction)
(f) I shall help him if he comes to me. (if―Subordinating Conjunction)
(g) He stood before the gate. (No Conjunction)
(h) This is the place where he lives. (No Conjunction)
1. Both Ram and Shyam are poor.
2. Give me a pen or a pencil.
3. She was playing and dancing.
4. My friend is poor but honest.
5. Give me either tea or coffee.
6. I like neither him nor her.
7. Ram is here but Geeta is there.
8. Ram as well as his sons is laborious.
9. Don't go before I come.
10. If you work hard you will pass.
11. He is poor because he has no money.
12. I know that he will not come.
13. He has been sleeping since morning.
14. We shall go since you desire it.
15. Stay till Monday.
16. We shall stay here till he returns.
17. This is the place where he was killed.
18. I know where he was killed.
19. This is the book that I bought yesterday.
20. He said that he could do.
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