Articles in English Grammar: Rules, Uses & Easy Examples
Articles
A, An और The को Articles कहते हैं । A/An को Indefinite Article तथा The को Definite Article कहते हैं ।
USE OF A/AN
1. A/An का प्रयोग Singular Countable Noun (अर्थात्, Common Noun और Collective Noun) के पहले होता है। जैसे—
This is a box .Ram is a student.A dog is an animal.A team of players is passing.
2. अगर Noun Plural Number में हो, तो A/An का प्रयोग नहीं होगा । जैसे—
These are boxes.Ram and Shyam are students.Dogs are animals.They are doctors.
3. अगर Noun Uncountable हो, तो A/An का प्रयोग नहीं होगा । जैसे—
That is Gold.This is water.
4. अगर Noun का लोप हो, तो A/An का प्रयोग नहीं होगा। जैसे—
She is very honest.My mother is kind.
5. अगर Noun के पहले Adjective हो, तो Article का प्रयोग Adjective के पहले होगा। अगर Noun के पहले Adjective और Adjective के पहले Adverb हो, तो Article का प्रयोग Adverb के पहले होगा। जैसे—
This is a cat.This is a black cat.This is a very black cat.
6. A/An का प्रयोग अपने ठीक बाद आनेवाले शब्द के उच्चारण के अनुसार होगा । जैसे—
Sita is a girl.Sita is an ideal girl.
Sita is a good girl.Sita is an extremely beautiful girl.Sita is a very good girl.
A और An के प्रयोग में अंतर :
जिस शब्द के पहले A/An का प्रयोग करना हो यदि वह स्वर-ध्वनि (vowel sound) से प्रारंभ हो, तो an का प्रयोग होगा । यदि वह शब्द व्यंजन- ध्वनि (consonant sound) से प्रारंभ हो, तो a का प्रयोग होगा । यहाँ ध्यान देनेवाली बात यह है कि a/an का प्रयोग अभीष्ट शब्द के उच्चारण पर निर्भर करता है, उसके spelling पर नहीं ।
अतः A/An का प्रयोग करने से पहले आप देखें कि अभीष्ट शब्द का उच्चारण vowel sound से शुरू हो रहा है या consonant sound से। इसे निश्चित रूप से जानने के लिए एक सरल नियम है । जिस शब्द के पहले a/ an का प्रयोग करना हो, उसके उच्चारण को हिंदी में लिखें। यदि उसका पहला अक्षर हिंदी में व्यंजन हो, तो उसके पहले a का प्रयोग करें। यदि उसका पहला अक्षर हिंदी में स्वर हो, तो an का प्रयोग करें ।
हिंदी में स्वर— अ आ इ ई उ, ऊ, ए, ऐ, ओ .....
हिंदी में व्यंजन— क ख ग घ ......
a cat (कैट) यहाँ पहला अक्षर 'क' है, जो व्यंजन है ।
an ant (ऐन्ट) यहाँ पहला अक्षर 'ऐ' है, जो स्वर है ।
an honest man (ऑनेस्ट) यहाँ पहला अक्षर 'औ' है, जो स्वर है ।
an M.A. (एम. ए.) यहाँ पहला अक्षर 'ए' है, जो स्वर है ।
a European (यूरोपियन) यहाँ पहला अक्षर 'य' है, जो व्यंजन है ।
a year (यिअर) यहाँ पहला अक्षर 'य' है, जो व्यंजन है ।
इसी प्रकार निम्नलिखित शब्दों के साथ a/an के प्रयोग को समझें :
a university
a useful magazine
a uniform
a unique sight
a unit
a young man
a one-eyed man
a one-rupee note
a U.K. aeroplane
a B.D.O.
a humble man
an M.A.
an M.P.
an M.L.A
an M.Sc.
an S.D.O.
an I.A.S.
an x-ray plant
an L.P. Library.
an Urdu teacher
an honest man
an hour/an honour
EXERCISE 34
Direction: Put a/an before the following words/phrases. If there is no need of a/an put a cross mark (×).
Examples:
(a) x ants
......
(b) an ant
......
(c) x Indians
......
(d) × honest
......
(e) an honest man
......
(f) an M.A.
......
(g) an S.D.O.
......
(h) x oil
......
(i) a university
......
(j) a one-eyed man
......
1. ........ orange
2. ........ apple
3. ........ ant
4. ........ elephant
5. ........ cow
6. ........ child
7. ........ eggs
8. ........ umbrellas
9. ........ ink
10. ........ inkwell
11. ........ oil
12. ........ good
13. ........ good book
14. ........ good books
15. ........ honest
16. ........ honest boy
17. ........ very honest boy
18. ........ honest boys
19. ........ good apple
20. ........ sweet apples
21. ........ ideal teacher
22. ........ actor
23. ........ artist
24. ........ good artist
25. ........ hour
26. ........ hours
27. ........ house
28. ........ university
29. ........ Europeans
30. ........ European
31. ........ Indian
32. ........ Indians
33. ........ egg
34. ........ Oxen
35. ........ water
36. ........ rice
37. ........ M.A.
38. ........ B.A.
39. ........ M.P.
40. ........ S.D.O.
41. ........ B.D.O.
42. ........ Urdu
43. ........ Urdu poet
44. ........ English story
45. ........ young man
46. ........ engineers
47. ........ very good engineers
48. ........ one-sided game
49. ........ one-rupee note
50. ........ one-eyed man
EXERCISE 35
Direction: Use alan where necessary. Put a cross mark (x) where no alan is required.
Examples: Answers
(a) ...... cow gives ...... milk. A cow gives x milk.
.... ....
(b) Have you ...... oxen? Have you x oxen?
....
(c) They are ...... honest. They are x honest.
....
(d) This is ...... useful book. This is a useful book.
....
1. He is ........ honest man.
2. Patna is ........ big city.
3. I am ........ Indian.
4. He has ........ ox.
5. This is ........ egg.
6. This is ........ ink.
7. That is ........ inkwell.
8. He is ........ European.
9. He is ........ old man.
10. Have you seen ........ elephants?
11. He is ........ M.A.
12. You are ........ B.A.
13. Ram Babu is ........ M.L.A.
14. She is ........ ideal teacher.
15. This is ........ useful book.
16. It is ........ one-act play.
17. That is ........ intelligent dog.
18. Have you ........ cow?
19. ........ cow is ........ animal.
20. ........ cow gives ........ milk.
21. They are ........ Indians.
22. Have you ........ eggs?
23. They have ........ mangoes.
24. He is ........ honest.
25. They are ........ honest boys.
26. I know ........ Hindi.
27. He is ........ Urdu poet.
28. She is ........ extremely beautiful.
29. This is ........ interesting story.
30. It was ........ unique sight.
USE OF 'THE'
1. (a) पूरी जाति का बोध कराने के लिए Singular Common Noun के पहले The का प्रयोग होता है । जैसे—
The cow gives milk. (गाय दूध देती है ।)
The cow is an animal. (गाय एक जानवर है ।)
The horse is useful. (घोडा उपयोगी होता है ।)
(b) परंतु पूरी जाति का बोध कराने के लिए Plural Common Noun के पहले The का प्रयोग नहीं होता है । जैसे—
Cows give milk. (गायें दूध देती हैं।)
Cows are animals. (गायें जानवर हैं ।)
Horses are useful. (घोड़े उपयोगी होते हैं।)
2. सामान्य अर्थ में Proper Noun और Uncountable Noun के पहले The का प्रयोग नहीं होता है । जैसे—
Ram is a boy. (राम एक लड़का है।)
Milk is useful. (दूध लाभदायक होता है।)
Gold is yellow. (सोना पीला होता है ।)
3. The का प्रयोग उस Noun के पहले होगा जो खास / निश्चित / पूर्वपरिचित हो, जिसे वक्ता और श्रोता पहले से जानते हों । इस स्थिति में Noun Singular हो या Plural, Countable हो या Uncountable, the का प्रयोग होगा । जैसे—
(a) घोड़े अच्छे हैं । ~ The horses are good.
(यहाँ कुछ खास/निश्चित घोड़ों की चर्चा है, अतः Plural Noun के पहले The प्रयुक्त हुआ है जो सही है ।)
(b) पानी गंदा था । ~ The water was dirty.
(यहाँ खास/निश्चित / पूर्वपरिचित पानी की चर्चा है, अतः Uncountable Noun के पहले The प्रयुक्त हुआ है जो सही है ।)
(c) कलम लाल है । ~ The pen is red.
(कोई खास / निश्चित कलम की चर्चा है, अतः pen के पहले The प्रयुक्त हुआ है ।)
4. जब कोई Singular Countable Noun story/speech/discourse में पहली बार आता है, तब उसके पहले a/an लगता है । यह समझा जाता है कि श्रोता उससे पूर्वपरिचित नहीं हैं । परंतु जब उसी noun की पुनरावृत्ति होती है, तब उसके पहले the का प्रयोग होता है क्योंकि तब तक श्रोता उससे परिचित हो चुके रहते हैं।
(a) There was a king. The king was very brave.
(b) I saw a boy. The boy was weeping.
(c) I have bought a car. The car is very beautiful. If you want to see the car, come to my home. I think you will like the car.
5. जब वाक्य में noun + preposition + noun का प्रयोग हो, तब प्रथम noun के पहले the का प्रयोग होगा । जैसे—
The tea of Assam is famous.
The mangoes on the tree are not ripe.
The Ram of the Ramayan is an ideal personality.
I like the sweets of Gaya.
6. पर्वतश्रेणी या शृंखलाबद्ध पर्वतों (mountain ranges ) के नामों के पहले the का प्रयोग अवश्य होता है । जैसे—
the Himalayas, the Alps, the Vindhyas, etc.
परंतु, जो चोटी (peak) और पहाड़ एकवचन रूप में रहते हैं, उनके नामों के पहले the का प्रयोग नहीं होता । जैसे—
Mount Everest, Snowdon, Mount Abu, etc.
7. द्वीपसमूह (groups of islands) के नामों के पहले the का प्रयोग होता है । जैसे—
the West Indies, the Andamans, etc.
परंतु, जो द्वीप एकवचन रूप में रहते हैं, उनके नामों के पहले the का प्रयोग नहीं होता। जैसे—
Ceylon, Sicily, Sumatra, Java, etc.
8. नदी, खाड़ी, सागर, महासागर, जंगल, मरुभूमि इत्यादि के नामों के पहले the का प्रयोग होता है । जैसे—
the Ganges, the Indus, the Thames, the Gulf of Mexico, the Bay of Bengal, the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Sahara, etc.
9. बड़े ग्रंथों के नामों के पहले the का प्रयोग होता है । जैसे—
the Bhagwadgeeta, the Bible, the Vedas, the Ramayan, the Koran, the Mahabharat, the Paradise Lost, etc.
10. आकाशीय पिंड, दिशा या जो वस्तु दुनिया में केवल एक है, उनके नामों के पहले the का प्रयोग होता है । जैसे—
the earth, the sun, the moon, the sky, the east, the west, the world, etc.
11. Newspapers के नामों के पहले the का प्रयोग होता है । जैसे—
The Hindustan Times, The Times of India, The Indian Nation, The Statesman, The Leader, etc.
12. Historical Places/Buildings के नामों के पहले the का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे—
the Taj Mahal, the Red Fort, the Golghar, The Raj Ghat, etc.
13. Musical Instruments के नामों के पहले the का प्रयोग होता है ।
the tabla, the violin, the harmonium, the guitar, etc.
14. हवाईजहाज, समुद्री जहाज तथा रेलगाड़ी के नामों के पहले the लगता है। जैसे—
the Meghdoot (एक जहाज का नाम), the Vikrant (समुद्री जहाज का नाम), the Toofan Express (रेलगाड़ी का नाम) आदि ।
15. देशों के नामों के पहले article का प्रयोग नहीं होता है, परंतु इन देशों के नामों के पहले the का प्रयोग होता है । जैसे—–
the U.S.A., the U.S.S.R., the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, the Sudan, etc.
16. जब ordinal numbers को letters में लिखा जाता है, तब उनके पहले the का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे—
the first, the second, the tenth, etc.
17. जब Adjective का प्रयोग Noun की तरह होता है, तब उसके पहले the का प्रयोग होता है । जैसे—
The poor are honest. (the poor = poor men)
The deaf can't hear. (the deaf = deaf people)
18. Superlative Degree के पहले the का प्रयोग होता है । जैसे—
She is the most beautiful girl in the class.
Akbar was one of the greatest kings.
19. Office, cinema, theatre तथा circus शब्द के पहले the का प्रयोग होता है । जैसे—
He is going to the office/cinema/theatre/circus.
Articles का लोप (Omission of Articles)
ऊपर कुछ उन परिस्थितियों का जिक्र किया जा चुका है, जहाँ Article का प्रयोग नहीं होता । उनके अलावा सामान्य अर्थ का बोध कराने के लिए निम्नलिखित परिस्थितियों में Article का प्रयोग नहीं होता—
1. व्यक्ति, गाँव, शहर, जिला, राज्य, देश या महादेश के खास नाम के पहले सामान्य अर्थ में Article का प्रयोग नहीं होता। जैसे—
Mohan helps Sohan.
Patna is the capital of Bihar.
India is a big country.
2. भाषा एवं विषय के नामों के पहले Article नहीं लगता । जैसे—
I know English/French/Hindi/Urdu/
Physics is an interesting subject.
I have no interest in mathematics.
3. दिनों और महीनों के नामों के पहले Article नहीं लगता । जैसे—
January has thirty-one days.
It is Monday today.
4. बीमारियों के नामों के पहले Article नहीं लगता । जैसे—
He is suffering from cholera/smallpox.
परंतु, कुछ बीमारियों के नामों के पहले the का प्रयोग होता है । जैसे—
the plague, the gout, the measles, the mumps, etc.
5. पर्वों तथा ऋतुओं के नामों के पहले Article नहीं लगता । जैसे—
Holi/Christmas is an important festival.
I shall go to Shimla in summer. (परंतु in the summer season)
6. खेल-कूद के नामों के पहले Article का प्रयोग नहीं होता । जैसे—
I play football/tennis/cricket/
7. भोजन-सामग्री तथा भोजन के नामों के पहले Article का प्रयोग नहीं होता । जैसे—
I like rice and fish.
I take tea/coffee every day.
There is chicken/lamb/egg in the menu.
When do you have lunch/dinner/supper/breakfast?
8. Possessive Adjectives (my, our, your, his, her, their & its) तथा Nouns in Possessive Case (Ram's, cow's, etc) के तुरत बाद Article का प्रयोग नहीं होता । जैसे—
This is my book.
This is Ram's cow.
EXERCISE 36
Direction: Use a, an or the where necessary. Put a cross mark (×) where no article is required.
Examples: Answers
(a) ....... cat has ....... tail. A/The cat has a tail.
(b) ....... cats eat ....... rats. × Cats eat × rats.
(c) ....... chair was new. The chair was new.
(d) ....... silver is white. × Silver is white
1. ....... cow gives milk.
2. ....... cows give milk.
3. ....... horses are useful.
4. ....... horse is useful.
5. ....... cats eat meat.
6. ....... cat eats ...... rat.
7. ....... cats eat ....... rats.
8. ....... honey is sweet.
9. ....... gold is yellow.
10. ....... iron is hard.
11. ....... water is useful.
12. ....... oil floats on water.
13. We eat ....... rice.
14. We drink ....... milk.
15. We take ....... tea every day.
16. ....... honesty is the best policy.
17. ....... crow is black.
18. ....... table has four legs.
19. I take ....... sugar in ....... tea.
20. ....... pen was red.
21. ....... child is ill.
22. ....... woman is mad.
23. Put ....... book on ....... table.
24. ....... man is ....... M.A.
25. ....... woman was ....... nurse.
26. ....... beggar was ....... honest.
27. ....... oxen are ill.
28. ....... cows are not giving milk.
29. I sold ....... cows.
30. ....... dogs have four legs.
EXERCISE 37
Direction: Use a, an or the where necessary. Put a cross mark (×) where no article is required.
Examples:
(a) There was ......... farmer. ....... farmer had ....... ox.
Ans. There was a farmer. The farmer had an ox.
(b) This is ......... car I bought last year.
Ans. This is the car I bought last year.
(c) ......... books on the table are mine.
Ans. The books on the table are mine.
(d) ....... boys were very naughty.
Ans. The boys were very naughty.
1. I saw ....... boy. ....... boy was weeping.
2. There was ....... king. ....... king was very kind.
3. I have a car. ....... car is very beautiful.
4. I saw some boys. ....... boys were quarrelling.
5. This is ....... pen I bought yesterday.
6. ....... horses were very bad.
7. ....... water is useful for life.
8. ....... water of this well is dirty.
9. ....... gold is ....... metal.
10. ....... gold of India is famous.
11. ....... horses can run fast.
12. ....... horses of Ram are very weak.
13. ....... mango is ....... tasty fruit.
14. ....... mangoes are found in ....... summer.
15. ....... mangoes in the tree are not ripe.
16. ....... cows of Ram are ill.
17. ....... box was made of iron.
18. ....... water in the pot is dirty.
19. Beat ....... boys.
20. Have you read all ....... books?
21. Do you like ....... tea or ....... coffee?
22. I like ....... tea of Assam.
23. ....... dog is ....... faithful animal.
24. ....... dogs are four-footed animals.
25. ....... dogs are mad.
26. I don't like ....... dogs of my neighbour.
27. ....... dog is mine.
28. I am going to sell ....... dog.
29. I want to buy ...... dog.
30. ....... Ram of ....... Ramayan is ....... ideal man.
EXERCISE 38
Direction Use a, an or the where necessary. Put a cross mark (x) where no article is required.
Examples: Answers
(a) ....... moon shines in ....... sky. The moon shines in the sky.
(b) ....... poor are sad. The poor are sad.
(c) ....... Ganges is ...... long river. The Ganges is a long river.
(d) He is ...... best boy in the class. He is the best boy in the class.
1. ....... Himalayas is ....... mountain.
2. ....... Mount Everest is a peak.
3. They have come from ....... West Indies.
4. ....... Ganges is ....... sacred river.
5. I have read ....... Bhagwadgeeta and ....... Ramayan.
6. ....... sun sets in the west.
7. ....... moon is in ....... sky.
8. ....... earth moves round ....... sun.
9. I read ....... Hindustan Times every day.
10. Have you seen ....... Taj Mahal?
11. He can play on ....... violin.
12. ....... Red Fort is red.
13. ....... U.S.A. is ....... great country.
14. He was ....... second boy.
15. ....... poor are honest.
16. Honesty is ....... best policy.
17. He is ....... best boy in the class.
18. I am going to ....... theatre.
19. ....... headmaster is in ....... office.
20. My father lives in ....... Nepal.
21. ....... Mount Everest is ....... highest peak of ....... Himalayas.
22. ....... moon is smaller than ....... earth.
23. ....... Pacific Ocean is very deep.
24. ....... Toofan Express is coming soon.
25. Today is ....... fifth of May.
26. ..... bird can fly in ...... sky
27. She is ....... most beautiful girl in the class.
28. ....... blind cannot see.
29. My father is ....... university professor.
30. ....... hour is enough.
EXERCISE 39
Direction: Use a, an or the where necessary. Put a cross mark (x) where no article is required.
Examples: Answers
(a) ..... French is ..... easy language. × French is an easy language.
(b) I play ..... football. I play x football.
(c) It is ..... Sunday today. It is x Sunday today.
(d) I like ...... Holi. I like x Holi.
1. ....... India is ....... big country.
2. Do you know ....... Urdu?
3. ....... Mathematics is ....... interesting subject.
4. ....... Hindi is not easier than ....... English.
5. ....... March has thirty-one days.
6. ....... Monday is ....... first day of the week.
7. He is suffering from ....... cholera.
8. ....... Holi is coming soon.
9. It is very cold in ....... winter.
10. Do you play ....... cricket every day?
11. ....... football is ....... good game.
12. I like ....... rice and curry.
13. I do not take ....... lunch.
14. This is Ram's ....... book.
15. ....... Deepawali is ....... important festival in India.
16. We play ....... badminton in ....... evening.
17. Don't tell ....... lies. Speak ....... truth.
18. ....... sky looks blue.
19. ....... ant is ....... very hard-working insect.
20. Look at ....... picture.
21. I am learning ....... English.
22. ....... December is ..... last month of the year.
23. I play ....... chess.
24. ....... Ramayan is ....... religious book.
25. ....... rose is .... beautiful flower.
26. I bought ....... horse, ....... ox and ... buffalo.
27. ....... gold is costlier than ...... silver.
28. Kalidas is ....... Shakespeare of India.
29. He is ....... one-eyed man.
30. ....... oxen are stronger than ....... cows.
31. He is ....... humble man.
Note: बच्चो! किसी वाक्य में Everyday/Every day के प्रयोग को समझो—
(a) I go to temple every day. (न कि everyday)
(b) We should drink milk every day. (न कि everyday)
(c) Cycling is my everyday routine. (न कि every day)
(d) Change is a part of everyday life. (न कि every day)
***
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